Search options: separate word search acrossElements
4
Topic
Genre: Informational Text
In an informational text, an
author writes about facts or real
events. Sometimes the author
answers a question or discusses
an issue.
“The Language of Texting”
discusses whether text messages
are changing the way we write
and communicate.
Genre: Humor
Humorous fiction is fiction that
is comical and fun. The humor
in a story often comes from a
misunderstanding, or various
misunderstandings.
In “Finn Tells a Story in Street
Slang,” Finn tells his family
what happened to him that day.
However, Finn’s grandpa needs
a lot of help to understand what
really happened.
o f T e x t i n g
L a n g u a g eT h e
by Annie Jeffrey
by Jennifer Li
71
Understanding
Figurative Language
and Slang
Figurative language is
language that has a
different meaning from its
literal meaning. Slang is
informal language that is not
standard and very informal.
Slang is often figurative.
Key Words
beam
burst
drawl
fist-bump
glare
grimace
high-five
perk up
roll your eyes
sigh
smack your forehead
1 Scan the story to
find the words in
italics. Can you
guess what they
mean?
2 Listen and
follow.
8
by Annie Jeffrey
Finn Tells a Story in
Str eet
Slang
Bella, Finn and Alex got home from the skate park just in time for dinner.
Finn and Bella burst into the house, dropping their bags and skateboards in
the hallway noisily. Finns best friend Alex followed closely behind.
“How was the skate park, kids?” Mom called from the living room.
“The skating was great,” said Finn. “Butuh…something really not good
happened. And we’re starving because we didnt have any lunch. We’ll tell you
all about it. Alex came for dinner. It’s OK, right?”
Finn and Alex had been friends since first grade, and Alex often came
over during the summer vacation. Finn ran upstairs to his room, jumping
up two steps at a time, with Alex following more slowly. Bella put her head
around the kitchen door as she headed to the bathroom to wash up.
“Yeah, what happened is really bad,” she grimaced, “I’m so starving,”
she said. “What is for dinner, anyway?”
72 Topic 4
“Stir fry with shrimp and black beans,” said Mom, looking up from her computer. “Dad’s specialty.
Come say hi to your grandpa, kids. Remember, he was arriving today? He’s out on the patio.”
“Great, Grandpas here!” said Bella.
She ran into her room and then out onto the patio. She gave her grandpa a big hug and
a card she’d made to welcome him. Grandpa hugged her back hard.
“Finn, come downstairs!” shouted Mom.
Finn and Alex came down and went out onto the patio.
“Hey, Grandpa,” Finn said, “What’s up?”
He tried to fist-bump his grandpa, but Grandpa lifted his hand to high-five him.
“Nobody does that anymore, Grandpa!” laughed Finn. “I’ll show you all the best new ’shakes later.”
Then Grandpa greeted Alex. “Hello, Alex. How are you, buddy?”
“I’m…uh…OK, Mr. Wheeler,” Alex said.
He didnt sound very convinced. Dad came out onto the patio to call them in for dinner.
“I want to sit next to Grandpa!” said Bella.
“I hope you like shrimp, Alex,” said Dad. “Let’s eat!”
73Finn Tells a Story in Street Slang
At the dinner table, Finn started to tell everyone what had happened at the skate park. They all
listened, and Grandpa tried to follow. Bella had to help him…a lot.
“So we got to the skate park this morning. All the kids from the squad were there already.”
“The squad? So youre all on a skateboarding team, Finn?” said Grandpa. “That’s fantastic!
Whens your next competition? I’d love to watch.”
“A squad is like a group of friends, Grandpa. Like a gang of friends,” said Bella. “Dont worry,
Finn is just showing off the slang he’s learned at the skate park. He thinks he’s so cool. But he isnt.”
Finn glared at Bella.
“Well, it’s true!” said Bella.
“Not everyone understands the latest skate park slang, Finn,” said Mom. “Even your dad and
me. Keep it simple.”
“OK, Mom, I’ll try, but just let me tell my story,” said Finn. “Anyway, we were boarding all
morning and trying out some new jumps and turns. So after a while we all got really hangry, and
we needed some chow, like right that minute.”
At this point, Bella rolled her eyes and shook her head. Mom and Dad’s eyes widened. They
had never heard the word hangry before either.
“So all that exercise made you hungry?” said Grandpa. “And chow, isnt that one of those cute
fluffy dogs from China? I’ve always wanted one of those dogs. You were hungry enough to eat one?”
“No, Grandpa,” said Bella patiently. “Those Chinese dogs are called chow chows! Hangry is like
so hungry that youre angry, all irritated. And chow is food. Finn, stop it, will you!”
“Yes, stop it, Finn,” said Dad firmly. “It’s not fair on your grandpa.”
74 Topic 4
But Finn went on. “The only thing was that
Alex, well, he was the only one who had any
lettuce,” he drawled.
“Well, lettuce isnt much good when youre
hungry. It doesnt fill you up much, does it?”
said Grandpa, looking surprised.
Bella sighed. Mom and Dad frowned at Finn.
“No, Grandpa, lettuce is money,” she said. “It’s
called that because, you know, dollar bills are
green and so they look a bit like lettuce leaves.”
“So I dialed Tutto Pizza and ordered a
margarita pizza,” said Alex.
“That’s our favorite pizza restaurant,
Grandpa,” said Finn. “Well, we waited and
waited for our pizza and it never came. It was
strange because they’re near and usually so
fast. After an hour we were desperate, so Alex
decided to call them again.”
“Well…” said Alex. “That’s when I realized
that I had accidentally pocket-dialed my aunt…in Korea.”
Grandpa looked at Bella with raised eyebrows. “That means he pressed the cell phone dial
button when the phone was in his pocket and he sat down on it!” she explained.
And I guess my little cousin had answered,” said Alex “And he’s just three so I think he just left
the cell connected and went off to play.”
“So Alex had been on the phone to Korea for an hour!” said Bella.
“I am so busted now…” Alex looked miserable.
Grandpa looked confused again.
“Busted means he’s in trouble, Grandpa, with his mom and dad,” said Bella. “That was such an
expensive call.”
“Yeah, there’s no way I’ll be able to pay my parents back,” said Alex. “We have a special deal for
calling my family in Korea. But we checked the price and it’s still going to cost sixty dollars. My folks
dont have much lettuce, I mean money right now, and they’re going to be vexed, I mean really mad.”
Grandpa looked at Alex, frowned and shook his head. After he had finished his dinner, he got
up and went out to the patio again to sit with Stan, the family’s Great Dane.
75Finn Tells a Story in Street Slang
“Finn,” said Mom sternly when Grandpa
had gone. “It was really pretty mean of you
to tell Grandpa Alex’s story using all those
words. It was clear that he didnt know them.
We kept telling you, but you wouldnt listen.
“Sorry, Mom,” said Finn. “Youre right, I
wont do it again.”
The kids sat at the table, looking
miserable. They were worried about Alex.
Grandpa came back into the room.
“OK, kids, I have an idea,” he said.
“Tomorrow, let’s visit all the neighbors. Then
we’re going to the supermarket. We’ll need
to buy a few things.”
Bella perked up.
“What’s the idea, Grandpa?” she asked.
“We’re going to organize a neighborhood
car wash,” he announced. “We’ll charge
five dollars per car for a wash and wax. The
neighbors will think it’s a bargain!”
And then we’ll give Alex the money to
pay for the phone call,” said Finn excitedly. “Yay, Grandpa! Youre the bomb, you know, the best!”
Alex
beamed, looking happy for the first time since he arrived.
“If you do a good job, you kids have yourselves a good business!” said Grandpa.
The next day they visited their neighbors. Everyone was happy to have the kids wash their
cars. Alex had been doing the math in his head as they went from house to house. He had counted
twelve cars in the driveways.
Then they went to the supermarket. Grandpa bought sponges, cloths, car shampoo and wax.
At home they had a hose and buckets. Finn, Bella and Alex felt confident they were ready for business.
“Not quite,” said Grandpa. “Good car washing is an art.”
So Grandpa showed them how to wash and wax a car. “I’ll wash my car,” he said. “Watch and learn.”
He explained everything as he worked. When Grandpa finished, his old car shone in the
sunlight and they were ready to start.
“OK,” said Grandpa. “Let’s go!”
76 Topic 4
For the rest of that day and most of the next day, the kids washed the neighbors’ cars just as
Grandpa had shown them. They washed new cars, older cars, cars that were just a bit dirty, and
cars that were really pretty filthy. One of the cars even had ‘Please wash me!’ written in the dust on
the windscreen!
When they had finished, the kids were exhausted. They lay down on the wall in front of their
house. They ate all the sandwiches Mom had prepared for them.
“Let’s count the lettuce,” said Grandpa.
They all laughed. Bella counted out sixty dollars.
“OK, let’s take this to your mom and dad,” she said.
Bella, Finn and Grandpa waited in the yard. Alex explained to his parents what had happened.
Then, he handed over the money to pay for the accidental phone call. From a distance, they
watched Alex’s parents’ faces change. First, they were worried. Then, they were surprised. Finally,
their expressions showed pure pride and happiness, and they hugged Alex.
Back at the house, Mom showed them an old photo from one of her albums. “This is Grandpa,”
she said. “Remember this, Dad?”
In the photo, a young Grandpa was cleaning a car. He had long hair and was wearing a
bandana and overalls.
“Hey, you look sick, Grandpa.” said Finn.
“No, I was really healthy!” said Grandpa. “That was my first job and I loved it. I got lots of
exercise and I met a lot of nice people—just like today.” Finn
smacked his forehead. “Sorry, Grandpa! Sick means
really good, like awesome!”
“Yeah, I was an awesome dude, really far
out. Can you dig it, man?” Grandpa said.
When the kids looked puzzled,
Grandpa laughed.
That’s the way we spoke in
those days,” he said. And Grandpa
taught them how to say dude, far out
and dig it just as he had.
Then Finn, Bella and Alex
taught Grandpa five new ’shakes, as
they called them. It was the perfect
end to a really sick day!
77Finn Tells a Story in Street Slang
1 Number the events in the correct order.
Mom and Dad don’t understand the word hangry.
Grandpa shows the kids how to wash a car.
The kids lie on a wall and rest.
They teach Grandpa some cool handshakes.
Finn, Bella and Alex get home from the skate park.
Grandpa and the kids visit the neighbors.
Alex gives his parents the money they earned.
2 Understanding Figurative Language and Slang Write the meanings of the slang words.
1
squad
2
hangry
3
chow
4
lettuce
5
busted
6
the bomb
7
sick
8
dig it
A
Mark () the words that also have a literal meaning.
3 Answer the questions.
1
Why does Grandpa high-five Finn? Why does Finn laugh when he does this?
2
Why don’t Mom and Dad want Finn to tell the story using slang from the skate park?
3
How did Alex’s parents feel after he gave them the money?
4
What was Grandpa’s first job?
5
What slang expressions does Grandpa teach the kids? Why don’t they know these expressions before
he teaches them?
78 Topic 4
Conveying Mood
Authors often show
characters’ attitudes
and how they feel at
particular moments of
the story by saying how
they do things, rather
than by stating directly
how the characters
feel. In this way, the
reader can imagine how
characters feel through
their actions.
4 Conveying Mood Match the actions with their meanings.
Action
1
burst
2
grimace
3
glare
4
roll your eyes
5
drawl
6
sigh
7
perk up
8
beam
9
smack your forehead
What does it mean?
a
to hit your forehead with your hand
b
to become happier suddenly
c
to arrive quickly and loudly
d
to make a facial expression that shows pain
e
to breathe out slowly and loudly
f
to look at someone in an angry way
g
to move your eyes around in a circle
h
to speak slowly and in an exaggerated way
i
to smile broadly
5 Active Reading Act out the actions in activity 4 for a classmate to guess.
6 Think and write. Which slang words and expressions do you know? Do your parents know them, too?
A
Write some slang words you know in English. Compare your list with a classmate’s.
What do the words mean?
79Finn Tells a Story in Street Slang
Suppose you’re at a restaurant with a group of friends for a birthday party.
Everyone is there and ready to eat—except the birthday girl. She’s always late,
but it’s been half an hour already. You reach for your cell phone to text your
friend. Which message do you send?
im waiting here where r u?????
ppl wondering when
u gonna show up.
TRANSLATION
I’m waiting here. Where are you?
People are wondering when
you’re going to show up.
o f T e x t i n g
L a n g u a g eT h e
by Jennifer Li
1 Read the two
messages in the
bubbles on this
page. Which do
you think is a text
message? Why?
2 Listen and
follow.
9
Using Context Clues
When you read an unfamiliar
word, look for clues
to its meaning in the words
and phrases around it.
The author may give an
example, a synonym or
antonym, a definition or
another kind of description
to help you understand
what the word means.
Key Words
abbreviation
acronym
ampersand
erode
evolve
jarring
linguist
reply
shorten
slang
text
If you’re like most people, your message will look a lot more like the text on
the left. You probably won’t use much capitalization. You might use excessive
punctuation—five question marks in a row—or leave it out entirely. You might
shorten a word by writing only the consonants. You might use a single letter or
number to represent an entire word. You might leave out forms of be, have and
do that should be part of a verb. Before you know it, you’ve broken nearly all
the conventions, or rules, for proper writing.
Writing Skills at Risk?
Using this kind of spelling, grammar and punctuation on your English
homework would almost guarantee you a low grade. For this reason, some
parents and teachers have been concerned about texting since it first became
popular in the early 2000s. They worry that texting will erode students’ writing
skills. They fear that the more students text, the less they will be able to write
properly when they need to. If students are used to typing “thx” instead of
thanks, will they eventually forget how to spell the word? If they text “u gonna
stdy l8r,” will they give up on writing Are you going to study later?
80 Topic 4
Teachers worry even more when they see text-like language on actual schoolwork. Students
occasionally use an ampersand (&) instead of the word and, or they write shortened forms of
words, such as “ur” for you're. In the middle of a formal essay, this kind of language is jarring.
For example, read this sentence from a student’s paper about Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet.
Do you notice the spelling and punctuation that belong in a text message, not in writing for school?
Students say they’re just in a rush, and it doesn’t happen all the time. But some experts still
wonder if students’ writing ability is in decline.
Good News for Texters
Fortunately, recent research has good news for students
who text. Several studies have shown that texting doesn’t affect
literacy. Your ability to read and write properly won’t disappear
just because you use nonstandard spelling, punctuation and
capitalization in your texts. One study in 2014 followed 243
students in the United Kingdom for a year. At the beginning of
the year, researchers asked permission to read all the texts the
students had sent for the past two days. As the researchers
expected, the texts contained many common errors.
Then they tested the students’ literacy skills throughout the year. The results of the study
were surprising. When these students wrote papers or took grammar tests, their writing was just
as good as before. Their writing in formal settings didn’t seem to be affected by their texting at all.
The students were simply using different kinds of language in different situations. It’s a common
way that people use language. For example, you might talk to your friends using casual slang but
talk to your teacher in a more formal way.
TRANSLATION
hi how are you
am going out now.
want to come?
Hi! How are you?
I’m going out now.
Do you want to come?
I think ppl enjoy reading Romeo & Juliet becuz it is a great love story btwn two characters.
81The Language of Texting
John
McWhorter
Playing with Language
The researchers also noticed something about students who played with the spellings of
words, creating shortened forms such as “gr8” for great or “1daful” for wonderful. You might
expect that these students would frequently misspell words in their regular writing. But in fact,
their spelling was often better than other students’. Why? The short forms reflect how the words
sound in speech. When they make and use these forms, students are thinking about how to sound
out the words. They play with different spellings to make similar sounds.
Wrong Writing, or Natural Speech?
Some might argue that these forms are still incorrect, so
they should be kept out of everyday language. But linguist
John McWhorter, who has studied the language of texting
as a professor at Columbia University, has a different
perspective. Like many linguists, McWhorter doesn’t study
the rules for how people should use language. He observes
and describes the language that people use every day,
especially when they speak naturally. When McWhorter
studies texts in this way, he doesn’t see a series of errors
in writing. In fact, he doesn’t see texting as a kind of writing
at all. Instead, he views it as a new form of language that he
calls “fingered speech.”
Texting at the Speed of Speech
What makes texting so much like speech is its speed.
You type a message on your phone, and it instantly appears on a phone your friend is carrying.
Your friend can reply immediately. It’s also short. In face-to-face conversation, people speak in short
bursts of about seven to ten words. We don’t speak in paragraphs, the way we write. We speak a few
words at a time. Then we wait for a reply.
If we text at almost the speed of conversation, it makes sense that sometimes we text like
we talk, not like we write. For example, instead of “Don’t you want to go swimming?” many English
speakers say something that sounds like, “Doncha wanna go swimming?” In McWhorter’s view,
short forms like doncha and wanna in texts aren’t mistakes in grammar and spelling.
They reflect the way that people are speaking today.
82 Topic 4
A New Meaning for “LOL
McWhorter has also pointed out that the language used in
texting is evolving, just as spoken language itself changes over time.
For example, when the abbreviation “LOL” was first introduced, it
stood for laughing out loud. People used it to show that they were
laughing about a joke. But slowly people began to use it differently.
i have so much homework 2nite
lol good luck
lol I’m home
writing a paper
You can see that “LOL” has lost its capital letters over the years, but the difference is greater
than that. In this conversation, no one is really making a joke. So what does “lol” mean? McWhorter
describes it as a way to show empathy. Empathy means understanding what someone else feels. The
two people texting in this conversation use “lol” to show that they understand each other. “LOL” used
to mean laughing out loud. But now, its meaning is something closer to I know what you mean.
A Changing Language
If language can change over time, does that mean
that someday we might all be writing people as “ppl”
or too as “2”? Can texting actually change our formal
written language? The most likely answer is “not
much.” The rules we learn for proper writing keep
the written word from changing too quickly. But in
spoken language, we use words differently, invent new
words and use words in different ways. The language
changes as we use it.
Texting appears to change at the speed of speech.
For example, texters have already mostly forgotten about acronyms such as “BRB” for be right back
and “TTYL” for talk to you later. New abbreviations and forms of language have already sprung up.
When we text, we experiment with the language in the same way we do when we’re speaking casually.
We try new forms, new words and new abbreviations. And that’s more proof that texting is not just
“bad” writing. Instead, it’s a new kind of language—one that lets us use our fingers to speak.
83The Language of Texting
1 Think and discuss.
1
Why were some teachers and parents worried about texting?
2
According to the study, how did texting help students’ spelling?
3
What is the main reason texting is similar to speech?
4
What did “LOL” use to mean? What does it mean now?
5
Why doesn’t writing change as quickly as spoken language?
2 Write the text messages in Standard English.
1
r u going 2 movies 2nite?
2
ill be home in 30min
3
sorry, can’t go, dr appt 2moro
4
c u l8r @ hockey game!!!!!
1
doctor Æ dr
2
great Æ gr8
3
and Æ &
4
Hello! Æ What’s up?
5
United States of America Æ USA
3 Read and label.
abbreviation acronym ampersand shortened form slang
4 Circle the correct options.
1
Language is always evolving / jarring, or changing over time.
2
A linguist studies how people should speak / actually speak.
3
John McWhorter does not believe that texting erodes / improves language.
4
Texting is as fast as speech because you can correct / reply to a text right away.
84 Topic 4
5 Using Context Clues Find the words in the text. Underline the context clues that help you
understand the meanings of the words.
1
conventions
2
empathy
3
excessive
4
formal
5
literacy
A
Match the context clues with the words.
a
antonym
b
definition
c
description
d
example
e
synonym
A
Complete the sentences.
1
When you have an amount, you have too much of something.
2
Reading and writing are important life skills, so everyone should have basic .
3
They hosted a dinner at their wedding.
4
He is so rude that he ignores all the of polite behavior.
5
She had so much that as she heard the sad story, she began to cry.
6 Prefixes Match the words with the definitions. Use the prefix of each
word as a clue.
1
decline
2
incorrect
3
misspell
4
nonstandard
a
not the right answer or statement
b
not the same as the normal or usual way
c
to become worse or to go down
d
to put the letters in a word in the wrong order
7 Active Reading Choose a text message from the text. Write the text
message you chose. Then write a reply.
8 Think and discuss. Are abbreviated words the only way to communicate quickly? What other ways do
you communicate with your friends? Do you use voice or video messages? Pictures? Emojis?
Prefixes
The author of this text uses
prefixes as context clues
to unfamiliar words. For
example, the prefix de- means
“down” or “worse.” The
prefixes in- and non- mean
“not.” The prefix mis- means
“incorrectly.” If you know the
root word, the prefix can help
you understand the meaning
of the unfamiliar word.
85The Language of Texting
Connect to Me
1 When is it OK to use slang words and expressions? When is it not OK? Make two lists. Then compare.
Connect to Social Studies
1 Texting is a relatively new form of communication, but this form of language changes quickly.
Research these texting acronyms. What do they stand for? Which do people still use? Which are no
longer used?
TXT
ROFL
TTYL
BRB
FOMO
LMK
OK Not OK
86 Topic 4